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Cross of Otto and Mathilde
The Cross of Otto and Mathilde, Otto-Mathilda Cross, or First Cross of Mathilde (German: ドイツ語:Otto-Mathilden-Kreuz) is a medieval ''crux gemmata'' (jewelled cross) processional cross in the Essen Cathedral Treasury. It was created in the late tenth century and was used on high holidays until recently. It is named after the two persons who appear on the enamel plaque below Christ: Otto I, Duke of Swabia and Bavaria and his sister, Mathilde, the abbess of the Essen Abbey. They were grandchildren of the emperor Otto I and favourites of their uncle, Otto II. The cross is one of the items which demonstrate the very close relationship between the Liudolfing royal house and Essen Abbey. Mathilde became Abbess of Essen in 973 and her brother died in 982, so the cross is assumed to have been made between those dates,〔Lasko, 99〕 or a year or two later if it had a memorial function for Otto. Like other objects in Essen made under the patronage of Mathilde, the location of the goldsmith's workshop is uncertain, but as well as Essen itself, Cologne has often been suggested, and the enamel plaque may have been made separately in Trier.〔Lasko, 99–100〕
== Description ==
The cross is high and wide, with a core made of oak. It is a Latin cross, but the ends of the beams are flared, a feature found in many Ottonian jewelled crosses. Through their double ridges and triangles, the trapezoidal extensions are very close to those of Cross of Lothair in Aachen, which is usually dated to around 1000.〔But seen by Lasko, 101 as contemporary with this cross, or even earlier.〕 The front side of the cross is decorated with a chased gold sheet. A raised border runs around this side of the cross, with gemstones set in gold filigree and separated by pearls. A fine string of pearls borders the space. The colour and size of the stones on opposite sides match, so that the jewels appear deliberately organised and clear.〔Alfred Pothmann, "Der Essener Kirchenschatz aus der Frühzeit der Stiftsgeschichte," in Günter Berghaus (ed.), ''Herrschaft, Bildung und Gebet. Gründung und Anfänge des Frauenstifts Essen.'' Essen 2000, p.143.〕 On the lower end of the vertical cross beam the donation plate in cloisonné enamel depicts "Mathild Abba" and "Otto Dux", both holding a standard-like cross.
The body of the suffering Christ is beaten from the gold sheet of the background plate. The bulging abdomen and the asymmetrical torso seem similar to the body of the Gero Cross in Cologne, as a result of which Cologne has been suggested as the cross's place of origin. Trier has also been considered in this regard, because the cloisonné plate on the cross might come from the workshop of Egbert, Archbishop of Trier.〔Beuckers, 59; but considered earlier by Lasko, 99.〕 It is probable that only the enamel was made in Trier, and that the cross was assembled in another place. The halo on Christ's head reaches to the edge of the cross, while the three gemstones of the halo further emphasise the inclination of the head to the left. Between the feet, placed on the ''suppedaneum'' (footrest), and the donation plaque, there is the chased image of a snake, which is connected to the brazen snake of life in Numbers 21.4–9.〔Beuckers, 57.〕 According to another interpretation,〔Alfred Pothmann, "Der Essener Kirchenschatz aus der Frühzeit der Stiftsgeschichte," in Günter Berghaus (ed.) ''Herrschaft, Bildung und Gebet. Gründung und Anfänge des Frauenstifts Essen.'' Essen 2000, p.143.〕 however, it depicts a basilisk which refers to the Messiah as victor over evil in Psalm 91.13, "You will tread on the lion and the cobra; you will trample the great lion and the serpent." Above Christ's head there are two cloisonné plates with an inscription in three lines: ''IHC NA / ZARENVS / REX IVDEOR'' ("Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews"); the letters IHC stand for the first three letters of the name of Jesus in Greek.
The back side of the cross is decorated with gilt copper sheeting and has a simpler engraved design, which shows the four Evangelists on the ends of the cross beams and the lamb of God at the centre. These images are connected by a Tree of Life.
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